Senatsverwaltung für Finanzen Berlin
Pressemitteilung vom 21.06.2005 zu "Cross-Border-Leasing"
Der Senat hat auf Vorlage von Finanzsenator Dr. Thilo Sarrazin eine Mitteilung zur Kenntnisnahme an das Abgeordnetenhaus zu sogenannten "Cross-Border-Leasing"-Verträgen beschlossen.
Das Abgeordnetenhaus hatte den Senat in seiner Sitzung am 14.04.2005 aufgefordert, sicherzustellen, dass das Land Berlin und seine Beteiligungsunternehmen zukünftig keine Verträge nach dem Finanzierungsmodell des "Cross-Border-Leasing" mehr abschließen. Dazu berichtet der Senat, dass solche Transaktionen inzwischen aufgrund von gesetzlichen Änderungen in den USA ohnehin keine wirtschaftliche Attraktivität mehr haben und in der bisherigen Struktur nicht mehr abgeschlossen werden.
Hintergrund sind die vom US-Kongress im Oktober 2004 verabschiedeten neuen Regelungen zur steuerlichen Behandlung solcher Transaktionen. Sie gelten für derartige Verträge, die nach dem 12. März 2004 abgeschlossen wurden, für ältere Fälle besteht grundsätzlich Bestandsschutz.
Eine Dokumentation der DUE FINANCE Wirtschaftsberatung GmbH Steuerberatungsgesellschaft über Nachrichten, Veröffentlichungen und Entwicklungen in den Jahren 1998 bis 2006.
Dienstag, Juni 21, 2005
Mittwoch, Juni 15, 2005
IRS: Federal, State and Local Governments Customer Assistance
SALE IN - LEASE OUT (SILO) TRANSACTIONS BY MARLYCE LUITJENS, FSLG SPECIALIST (MIDWEST)
Your government entity may be approached about entering into a leasing transaction known as a “SILO” arrangement that may offer up-front cash benefits to enter into a long-term lease of your infrastructure. Although the up-front cash benefit is enticing and may help alleviate budget shortfalls, you should know that the Internal Revenue Service disallows depreciation and interest expense deductions claimed by taxpayers entering into SILOs. Lease-in lease-out (LILO) transactions that have many features found in the SILO transactions are “listed transactions,” meaning that they are abusive tax avoidance transactions.
To help you to understand how these transactions work, and why you should carefully evaluate participating in them, we are providing some background information.
What Is a SILO?
A SILO is a “sale-in/lease-out” arrangement between a for-profit corporation and a tax-exempt entity (Domestic or Foreign), such as a municipality or other state or local governmental unit. The objective of the transaction is to provide the for-profit corporation with tax deductions that the governmental unit cannot use because it is tax-exempt and an up-front benefit to the tax-exempt entity for entering the transaction. The SILO transaction generally includes an investor (a U.S. corporation), a tax-exempt entity (e.g. municipality), a grantor trust (an entity set up for the benefit of the investor), one or more foreign lenders, deposit taker(s) and financial advisors/arrangers (promoters) that assist the investor and/or the tax-exempt entity.
In a typical SILO transaction, the tax-exempt entity leases its property, such as a highway, subway, bridge, or water plant, to a U.S. corporation. The U.S. corporation treats the arrangement as a purchase of the property for Federal tax purposes. The U.S. corporation simultaneously leases the property back to the government entity for a shorter period of time. Although the parties structure the transaction in the same form as in a LILO transaction, since the length of the lease exceeds the useful life of the property, the transaction is treated as a sale and leaseback for tax purposes. The SILO employs the same fundamental contractual arrangements as the LILO arrangement, but typically involves a service contract provision instead of the put or renewal option found in LILOs. Please note that the service contract provision serves the same function as the put option, that is, it guarantees a fixed return to the corporation. The property generates tax deductions, mainly depreciation and interest expense, for the U.S. corporation. There are other SILOs that may be referred to as QTE (qualified technological equipment) leases.
Example of a SILO Transaction
A municipality leases its wastewater treatment plant (the “plant”) to a U.S. corporation for a 99year lease period and receives an immediate lease payment of $100 million for the property that will cover the 99-year lease term. This 99-year term is normally longer than the useful life of the plant or a nominal cost to renew the lease is granted to the investor such that the total term will be longer than the life of the asset. The municipality immediately leases the plant back from the corporation for a period of 30 years; this 30-year period usually ends at the first date on which the tax-exempt entity may exercise its buyout option. The transaction results in no change in the municipality's use or operation of, or beneficial interest in, the plant. The municipality retains the legal title to the plant and all ownership responsibilities, continues to operate the plant, delivers services, sets the user fee rates, collects the user fees, makes upgrade and expansion decisions and pays for such changes. The U.S. corporation treats the lease as a purchase for Federal tax purposes and deducts the interest expense and depreciation expense from its gross rental income. Generally, deductions exceed the rental income and offset other income of the investor.
At the onset of the contractual arrangement, the municipality receives the $100 million purported purchase price from the corporation. The funds for the $100 million are provided by an equity investment by the U.S. corporation (approximately 15-20% of the $100 million) and the remainder as a nonrecourse borrowing by the Trust. However, the municipality has an immediate right to an unrestricted use of only $3 million of the $100 million payment received from the corporation. The $3 million is in essence an accommodation fee received by the municipality for entering into the long-term lease transaction with the U.S. corporation that provides the corporation the Federal income tax benefits of the interest expense deduction and the depreciation expense deduction at the corporate tax rate of 35 percent over the term of the lease. A portion of the remaining $97 million is invested in U.S. Federal government-backed securities or other highly rated securities by the municipality. The municipality takes the majority of the $97 million in an amount equal to the nonrecourse loan amount and deposits it into a deposit account held at an affiliate of the foreign lender or by the foreign lender itself. These two accounts are pledged as security for the municipality’s obligations to the U.S. corporation and to the foreign lender, respectively.
The $97 million deposit amount defeases both the municipality’s rent obligations under the leaseback and the buyout option. The deposit account pledged to the foreign lender represents substantially all the funds necessary for the municipality to pay rent due under the leaseback, and the securities pledged to the U.S. corporation allow the municipality to exercise its buyout option at the end of the leaseback term. Thus, without any further cost or expenditure, the municipality may use the plant for the entire leaseback term and reacquire all rights to the plant at the end of the term.
Upon the expiration of the leaseback term, the municipality has the option to purchase the plant back from the U.S. corporation for a predetermined price. Typically, the highly-rated securities pledged to the U.S. corporation by the municipality will mature on the buyout date in the amount needed to fund the buyout price. If the municipality does not exercise the buyout option, the corporation has several alternatives: (1) Take possession of the plant, (2) Require the municipality to locate a third party to enter into a service contract, or (3) Compel the tax-exempt entity to enter into the service contract. Under alternative (2), if the municipality fails to locate a third party, the municipality will be in default unless it enters into the service contract. The result of all of these arrangements for the disposition of the plant, at the end of the leaseback term, is that the municipality will exercise the buyout option because all the funds needed by the taxexempt entity to exercise that option are available to that entity through the purchase of the highly-rated securities (known as the equity defeasance). In addition, given the nature of property such as a wastewater treatment plant, it is unlikely that the municipality will allow the property to be operated by a private corporation because of practical considerations, such as immunity from liability and employment agreements, and other political constraints.
SILO and LILO Transactions- Legal Considerations
The Internal Revenue Service is taking steps to combat abusive tax shelters and transactions. Tax shelters that are determined to be abusive are identified as “listed transactions.” Listed transactions require disclosure by participating corporations, individuals, partnerships, and trusts, in accordance with Treasury Regulations 1.6011-4T. You can view this list at www.irs.gov. Link to Businesses, Corporations, Abusive Tax Shelters and Transactions, and Listed Abusive Tax Shelters and Transactions for the following revenue ruling and coordinated issue paper:
Revenue Ruling 2002-69 -Lease In / Lease Out or LILO Transactions Coordinated Issue Paper -Losses Claimed and Income to be Reported from Lease In / Lease Out Transactions
For a more in-depth analysis of the LILO transaction, the Coordinated Issue Paper, “Losses Claimed and Income to be Reported from Lease In/Lease Out Transactions”, provides citations, regulations, and court cases regarding LILO transactions and can be viewed at the web site indicated above. For your reference and further information on LILOs, the web site also contains Revenue Ruling 2002-69 -Lease In / Lease Out or LILO Transactions.
Pending Administration proposals and Congressional legislation address SILO transactions and contain provisions intended to statutorily restrict these arrangements or the tax benefits available from them. If your government entity is considering an agreement of this type, you should be aware of these legislative developments.
Your government entity may be approached about entering into a leasing transaction known as a “SILO” arrangement that may offer up-front cash benefits to enter into a long-term lease of your infrastructure. Although the up-front cash benefit is enticing and may help alleviate budget shortfalls, you should know that the Internal Revenue Service disallows depreciation and interest expense deductions claimed by taxpayers entering into SILOs. Lease-in lease-out (LILO) transactions that have many features found in the SILO transactions are “listed transactions,” meaning that they are abusive tax avoidance transactions.
To help you to understand how these transactions work, and why you should carefully evaluate participating in them, we are providing some background information.
What Is a SILO?
A SILO is a “sale-in/lease-out” arrangement between a for-profit corporation and a tax-exempt entity (Domestic or Foreign), such as a municipality or other state or local governmental unit. The objective of the transaction is to provide the for-profit corporation with tax deductions that the governmental unit cannot use because it is tax-exempt and an up-front benefit to the tax-exempt entity for entering the transaction. The SILO transaction generally includes an investor (a U.S. corporation), a tax-exempt entity (e.g. municipality), a grantor trust (an entity set up for the benefit of the investor), one or more foreign lenders, deposit taker(s) and financial advisors/arrangers (promoters) that assist the investor and/or the tax-exempt entity.
In a typical SILO transaction, the tax-exempt entity leases its property, such as a highway, subway, bridge, or water plant, to a U.S. corporation. The U.S. corporation treats the arrangement as a purchase of the property for Federal tax purposes. The U.S. corporation simultaneously leases the property back to the government entity for a shorter period of time. Although the parties structure the transaction in the same form as in a LILO transaction, since the length of the lease exceeds the useful life of the property, the transaction is treated as a sale and leaseback for tax purposes. The SILO employs the same fundamental contractual arrangements as the LILO arrangement, but typically involves a service contract provision instead of the put or renewal option found in LILOs. Please note that the service contract provision serves the same function as the put option, that is, it guarantees a fixed return to the corporation. The property generates tax deductions, mainly depreciation and interest expense, for the U.S. corporation. There are other SILOs that may be referred to as QTE (qualified technological equipment) leases.
Example of a SILO Transaction
A municipality leases its wastewater treatment plant (the “plant”) to a U.S. corporation for a 99year lease period and receives an immediate lease payment of $100 million for the property that will cover the 99-year lease term. This 99-year term is normally longer than the useful life of the plant or a nominal cost to renew the lease is granted to the investor such that the total term will be longer than the life of the asset. The municipality immediately leases the plant back from the corporation for a period of 30 years; this 30-year period usually ends at the first date on which the tax-exempt entity may exercise its buyout option. The transaction results in no change in the municipality's use or operation of, or beneficial interest in, the plant. The municipality retains the legal title to the plant and all ownership responsibilities, continues to operate the plant, delivers services, sets the user fee rates, collects the user fees, makes upgrade and expansion decisions and pays for such changes. The U.S. corporation treats the lease as a purchase for Federal tax purposes and deducts the interest expense and depreciation expense from its gross rental income. Generally, deductions exceed the rental income and offset other income of the investor.
At the onset of the contractual arrangement, the municipality receives the $100 million purported purchase price from the corporation. The funds for the $100 million are provided by an equity investment by the U.S. corporation (approximately 15-20% of the $100 million) and the remainder as a nonrecourse borrowing by the Trust. However, the municipality has an immediate right to an unrestricted use of only $3 million of the $100 million payment received from the corporation. The $3 million is in essence an accommodation fee received by the municipality for entering into the long-term lease transaction with the U.S. corporation that provides the corporation the Federal income tax benefits of the interest expense deduction and the depreciation expense deduction at the corporate tax rate of 35 percent over the term of the lease. A portion of the remaining $97 million is invested in U.S. Federal government-backed securities or other highly rated securities by the municipality. The municipality takes the majority of the $97 million in an amount equal to the nonrecourse loan amount and deposits it into a deposit account held at an affiliate of the foreign lender or by the foreign lender itself. These two accounts are pledged as security for the municipality’s obligations to the U.S. corporation and to the foreign lender, respectively.
The $97 million deposit amount defeases both the municipality’s rent obligations under the leaseback and the buyout option. The deposit account pledged to the foreign lender represents substantially all the funds necessary for the municipality to pay rent due under the leaseback, and the securities pledged to the U.S. corporation allow the municipality to exercise its buyout option at the end of the leaseback term. Thus, without any further cost or expenditure, the municipality may use the plant for the entire leaseback term and reacquire all rights to the plant at the end of the term.
Upon the expiration of the leaseback term, the municipality has the option to purchase the plant back from the U.S. corporation for a predetermined price. Typically, the highly-rated securities pledged to the U.S. corporation by the municipality will mature on the buyout date in the amount needed to fund the buyout price. If the municipality does not exercise the buyout option, the corporation has several alternatives: (1) Take possession of the plant, (2) Require the municipality to locate a third party to enter into a service contract, or (3) Compel the tax-exempt entity to enter into the service contract. Under alternative (2), if the municipality fails to locate a third party, the municipality will be in default unless it enters into the service contract. The result of all of these arrangements for the disposition of the plant, at the end of the leaseback term, is that the municipality will exercise the buyout option because all the funds needed by the taxexempt entity to exercise that option are available to that entity through the purchase of the highly-rated securities (known as the equity defeasance). In addition, given the nature of property such as a wastewater treatment plant, it is unlikely that the municipality will allow the property to be operated by a private corporation because of practical considerations, such as immunity from liability and employment agreements, and other political constraints.
SILO and LILO Transactions- Legal Considerations
The Internal Revenue Service is taking steps to combat abusive tax shelters and transactions. Tax shelters that are determined to be abusive are identified as “listed transactions.” Listed transactions require disclosure by participating corporations, individuals, partnerships, and trusts, in accordance with Treasury Regulations 1.6011-4T. You can view this list at www.irs.gov. Link to Businesses, Corporations, Abusive Tax Shelters and Transactions, and Listed Abusive Tax Shelters and Transactions for the following revenue ruling and coordinated issue paper:
Revenue Ruling 2002-69 -Lease In / Lease Out or LILO Transactions Coordinated Issue Paper -Losses Claimed and Income to be Reported from Lease In / Lease Out Transactions
For a more in-depth analysis of the LILO transaction, the Coordinated Issue Paper, “Losses Claimed and Income to be Reported from Lease In/Lease Out Transactions”, provides citations, regulations, and court cases regarding LILO transactions and can be viewed at the web site indicated above. For your reference and further information on LILOs, the web site also contains Revenue Ruling 2002-69 -Lease In / Lease Out or LILO Transactions.
Pending Administration proposals and Congressional legislation address SILO transactions and contain provisions intended to statutorily restrict these arrangements or the tax benefits available from them. If your government entity is considering an agreement of this type, you should be aware of these legislative developments.
Mittwoch, Juni 01, 2005
Quellensteuern
Bei der Verhandlung von Cross-Border-Leasing Transaktionen spielt das Quellensteuerrisiko eine wesentliche Rolle. Was sind Quellensteuern? Was sind Quellensteuerrisiken? Wer trägt die Risiken und wie können sie minimiert und sachgerecht verhandelt werden? Der Aufsatz "Quellensteuern bei bei internationaler Geschäftstätigkeit" gibt hierzu einen Überblick.
Link zum Aufsatz
Link zum Aufsatz
Montag, Mai 02, 2005
Finanzartisten ohne Netz
Fünf Jahre lang haben deutsche Kommunen mit Hilfe internationaler Finanzjongleure Kasse gemacht. Sie haben pro forma ihre Klärwerke und Krankenhäuser an amerikanische Investoren verkauft. Diese wollten dank solcher Deals kräftig Steuern sparen. Im Gegenzug wurden die Gemeinden an dieser Steuerersparnis beteiligt. <mehr>
... Man hat hier Millionen dafür bekommen, dass man einen Vertrag unterschrieben hat. Und dieser Vertrag lebt, und er hat Konsequenzen, warnt Kommunalberater Eder. Er, der selbst insgesamt 36 Cross-Border-Leases mit einem Gesamtvolumen von rund zwölf Milliarden Euro betreut hat, argwöhnt, dass sich viele Kommunen bei der Prüfung der Verträge allzu sehr auf die externen Berater verlassen haben. Jetzt muss jeder Bürgermeister wissen, was in den Verträgen steht, fordert er. Eder rät allen betroffenen Kommunen dringend zu einem aktiven Risikomanagement...
... Berater Eder warnte schon im vergangenen Oktober, es sei absehbar, dass die amerikanische Finanzbehörde die Leasing-Geschäfte erheblich aggressiver prüfen werde als zuvor. Dass die IRS nun mit ihrer Stellungnahme grundsätzlich die Abschreibungen aus allen Verträgen für rechtswidrig erklärt, hat allerdings auch ihn überrascht...
... Man hat hier Millionen dafür bekommen, dass man einen Vertrag unterschrieben hat. Und dieser Vertrag lebt, und er hat Konsequenzen, warnt Kommunalberater Eder. Er, der selbst insgesamt 36 Cross-Border-Leases mit einem Gesamtvolumen von rund zwölf Milliarden Euro betreut hat, argwöhnt, dass sich viele Kommunen bei der Prüfung der Verträge allzu sehr auf die externen Berater verlassen haben. Jetzt muss jeder Bürgermeister wissen, was in den Verträgen steht, fordert er. Eder rät allen betroffenen Kommunen dringend zu einem aktiven Risikomanagement...
... Berater Eder warnte schon im vergangenen Oktober, es sei absehbar, dass die amerikanische Finanzbehörde die Leasing-Geschäfte erheblich aggressiver prüfen werde als zuvor. Dass die IRS nun mit ihrer Stellungnahme grundsätzlich die Abschreibungen aus allen Verträgen für rechtswidrig erklärt, hat allerdings auch ihn überrascht...
Montag, April 25, 2005
BMF-Schreiben vom 25. April 2005: Cross-Border-Leasing/ Kommunalleasing
Die deutsche Botschaft in Washington hat BMF einen Bericht zu sog "SILO-Geschäften (sale in - lease out) zugeleitet, über den ich hiermit informiere. Die Botschaft hat auf das Folgende hingewiesen:
1. SILO-Geschäfte mit steuerneutralen Vertragspartnern sind umstritten
Mit Notice 2005-13 hat die US-Bundessteuerverwaltung (IRS) auf vertragliche Leasingkonstruktionen mit steuerindifferenten Vertragspartnern Bezug genommen, bei denen langlebige Wirtschaftsgüter (z.B. kommunale Immobilien oder Betriebseinrichtungen) an US-Investoren verkauft und gleichzeitig zurückgeleast (sale in/lease out, kurz SILO) werden.
An derartigen Geschäften sind in nennenswertem Umfang auch deutsche Kommunen beteiligt. Seinen wirtschaftlichen Reiz bezog das Steuermodell durch den Umstand, daß der US-Investor - anders als die deutsche Kommune - das Abschreibungspotential des Wirtschaftsgutes nutzen konnte. Die Geschäfte gingen damit ausschließlich zu Lasten des US-Fiskus.
Der US-Gesetzgeber hat diesen Steuermodellen bereits im Herbst vergangenen Jahres die Attraktivität genommen, indem er die Abziehbarkeit von Abschreibungen auf die in dem betreffenden Steuerjahr erzielten Leasingeinnahmen aus dem SILO-Geschäft beschränkte. Die Rechtsänderung gilt für Verträge, die nach dem 11. März 2004 geschlossen wurden.
2. Anzeigepflicht wird klargestellt
In Notice 2005-13 stellt der IRS nunmehr allgemein fest, daß bei Vorliegen bestimmter vertraglicher Vereinbarungen, die typischerweise bei SILO-Verträgen gewählt werden, ein steuerlicher Gestaltungsmißbrauch vorliege ("tax avoidance transaction"), der nach dem Grundsatz substance over form dazu führen kann, daß dem US-Investor das von ihm erworbene Wirtschaftsgut steuerlich nicht als Eigentum zugerechnet wird und bei diesem dann nicht steuermindernd abgeschrieben werden kann.
Der Erlaß stellt klar, daß es sich bei den abstrakt beschriebenen Gestaltungen, die in dem Erlaß durch zwei Beispiele konkretisiert werden, um so genannte "listed transactions" handele, die sowohl vom Steuerpflichtigen als auch von beteiligten Beratern der US-Steuerverwaltung angezeigt werden müssen. Bei Nichtanzeige drohen erhebliche Geldstrafen.
3. Nichtanerkennung nach substance over form doctrine
Bei den zwei im Erlaß erläuterten Beispielsfällen handelt es sich um Gestaltungen, bei denen US-Investoren und steuerindifferente Vertragspartner ein kombiniertes Kauf- und Rückmietgeschäft eingehen und sich Kaufpreis und akkumulierte Mietzahlungen unter Berücksichtigung der Finanzierungskosten gegenseitig aufheben. Weiterhin sind sowohl das Verlustrisiko als auch das Wertminderungsrisiko auf Seiten des US-Investors begrenzt, ebenso wie der US-Investor in Bezug auf das Leasinggut nicht von potentiellen Wertsteigerungen profitiert. In der sich an die Darstellung der Beispiele anschließenden rechtlichen Analyse zieht die Verwaltung Vergleichsfälle heran, in denen US-Gerichte nach dem Grundsatz substance over form die gewählte Vertragsgestaltung steuerlich nicht anerkannt haben.
4. Bedeutung für deutsche Kommunen aus Sicht der Botschaft nicht einschätzbar
Ob und inwieweit sich durch die jetzige Klarstellung des IRS Auswirkungen für deutsche Kommunen ergeben, die an entsprechenden Modellen beteiligt sind, ist eine Frage der tatsächlichen Vertragsgestaltung und aus Sicht der Botschaft nicht einschätzbar.
(AZ: V A 3 - FV 5010 - 104/05 vom 25. April 2005)
1. SILO-Geschäfte mit steuerneutralen Vertragspartnern sind umstritten
Mit Notice 2005-13 hat die US-Bundessteuerverwaltung (IRS) auf vertragliche Leasingkonstruktionen mit steuerindifferenten Vertragspartnern Bezug genommen, bei denen langlebige Wirtschaftsgüter (z.B. kommunale Immobilien oder Betriebseinrichtungen) an US-Investoren verkauft und gleichzeitig zurückgeleast (sale in/lease out, kurz SILO) werden.
An derartigen Geschäften sind in nennenswertem Umfang auch deutsche Kommunen beteiligt. Seinen wirtschaftlichen Reiz bezog das Steuermodell durch den Umstand, daß der US-Investor - anders als die deutsche Kommune - das Abschreibungspotential des Wirtschaftsgutes nutzen konnte. Die Geschäfte gingen damit ausschließlich zu Lasten des US-Fiskus.
Der US-Gesetzgeber hat diesen Steuermodellen bereits im Herbst vergangenen Jahres die Attraktivität genommen, indem er die Abziehbarkeit von Abschreibungen auf die in dem betreffenden Steuerjahr erzielten Leasingeinnahmen aus dem SILO-Geschäft beschränkte. Die Rechtsänderung gilt für Verträge, die nach dem 11. März 2004 geschlossen wurden.
2. Anzeigepflicht wird klargestellt
In Notice 2005-13 stellt der IRS nunmehr allgemein fest, daß bei Vorliegen bestimmter vertraglicher Vereinbarungen, die typischerweise bei SILO-Verträgen gewählt werden, ein steuerlicher Gestaltungsmißbrauch vorliege ("tax avoidance transaction"), der nach dem Grundsatz substance over form dazu führen kann, daß dem US-Investor das von ihm erworbene Wirtschaftsgut steuerlich nicht als Eigentum zugerechnet wird und bei diesem dann nicht steuermindernd abgeschrieben werden kann.
Der Erlaß stellt klar, daß es sich bei den abstrakt beschriebenen Gestaltungen, die in dem Erlaß durch zwei Beispiele konkretisiert werden, um so genannte "listed transactions" handele, die sowohl vom Steuerpflichtigen als auch von beteiligten Beratern der US-Steuerverwaltung angezeigt werden müssen. Bei Nichtanzeige drohen erhebliche Geldstrafen.
3. Nichtanerkennung nach substance over form doctrine
Bei den zwei im Erlaß erläuterten Beispielsfällen handelt es sich um Gestaltungen, bei denen US-Investoren und steuerindifferente Vertragspartner ein kombiniertes Kauf- und Rückmietgeschäft eingehen und sich Kaufpreis und akkumulierte Mietzahlungen unter Berücksichtigung der Finanzierungskosten gegenseitig aufheben. Weiterhin sind sowohl das Verlustrisiko als auch das Wertminderungsrisiko auf Seiten des US-Investors begrenzt, ebenso wie der US-Investor in Bezug auf das Leasinggut nicht von potentiellen Wertsteigerungen profitiert. In der sich an die Darstellung der Beispiele anschließenden rechtlichen Analyse zieht die Verwaltung Vergleichsfälle heran, in denen US-Gerichte nach dem Grundsatz substance over form die gewählte Vertragsgestaltung steuerlich nicht anerkannt haben.
4. Bedeutung für deutsche Kommunen aus Sicht der Botschaft nicht einschätzbar
Ob und inwieweit sich durch die jetzige Klarstellung des IRS Auswirkungen für deutsche Kommunen ergeben, die an entsprechenden Modellen beteiligt sind, ist eine Frage der tatsächlichen Vertragsgestaltung und aus Sicht der Botschaft nicht einschätzbar.
(AZ: V A 3 - FV 5010 - 104/05 vom 25. April 2005)
Montag, März 21, 2005
Rechtsgrundlagen eines Risikomanagementsystems
§ 10 Abs. 1 EigBetrVO NW i.d.F.d. NKF: „Für die dauernde technische und wirtschaftliche Leistungsfähigkeit des Eigenbetriebs ist zu sorgen. Hierzu ist u.a. ein Überwachungssystem einzurichten, das es ermöglicht, etwaige bestandsgefährdende Entwicklungen frühzeitig zu erkennen. Zur Risikofrüherkennung gehören insbesondere die Risikoidentifikation, die Risikobewertung, Maßnahmen der Risikobewältigung einschließlich der Risikokommunikation, die Risikoüberwachung/ Risikofortschreibung und die Dokumentation.“
§ 91 Abs. 2 AktG (KonTraG): „Der Vorstand hat geeignete Maßnahmen zu treffen, insbesondere ein Überwachungssystem einzurichten, damit den Fortbestand der Gesellschaft gefährdende Entwicklungen früh erkannt werden.“
§ 53 HGrG (IDW PS 720), § 317 Abs. 4 HGB: „… ist außerdem im Rahmen der Prüfung zu beurteilen, ob der Vorstand die ihm nach § 91 Abs. 2 des Aktiengesetzes obliegenden Maßnahmen in einer geeigneten Form getroffen hat und ob das danach einzurichtende Überwachungssystem seine Aufgaben erfüllen kann.“
§ 91 Abs. 2 AktG (KonTraG): „Der Vorstand hat geeignete Maßnahmen zu treffen, insbesondere ein Überwachungssystem einzurichten, damit den Fortbestand der Gesellschaft gefährdende Entwicklungen früh erkannt werden.“
§ 53 HGrG (IDW PS 720), § 317 Abs. 4 HGB: „… ist außerdem im Rahmen der Prüfung zu beurteilen, ob der Vorstand die ihm nach § 91 Abs. 2 des Aktiengesetzes obliegenden Maßnahmen in einer geeigneten Form getroffen hat und ob das danach einzurichtende Überwachungssystem seine Aufgaben erfüllen kann.“
Donnerstag, März 03, 2005
US Treasury seeks to claw back tax breaks in ‘Silo’ leasing deals
Treasury and Internal Revenue Service (IRS) surprised the US leasing industry with the publication of guidance on February 11 designating so-called SILO deals as “listed transactions”. This adds the lease-to-service contract structure to a growing list of tax-driven products where the IRS intends to challenge claims for tax breaks, and requires investors and promoters of the schemes to disclose their participation to the tax authority.
The revenue notice comes as somewhat a surprise, given that ‘sale-in/lease-out’ transactions were made illegal under tax law changes in the American Jobs Creation Act, signed in October 2004. The legislation provided transitional relief for leases signed before March 12, 2004, effectively grandfathering the structure, and leasing industry representatives have seized on this as an indication that previous transactions were valid under legislation at the time. Says one source: “The Treasury and the IRS have taken the view that these transactions were an abuse of the tax code, but if they were already illegal why did Congress need to change the law?”
In a striking inconsistency, deals involving qualified transportation property remain exempt from the Treasury’s action. This allows selected leasing transactions planned by public transit authorities before the 2004 legislation to close under the now obsolete tax regime – as provided for under the Jobs Act. Tax lawyers will question why the Treasury has accepted this grandfathering provision, but rejected another that applied the new tax treatment only to deals closed after March 12 2004.
The chairman of the Senate Finance Committee, Senator Charles Grassley, has praised the Treasury action. Grassley, who failed in his campaign last year to apply the new legislation retroactively, said in a February 11 release: “Today’s action complements our new law going after these deals. It reaches back to the deals that otherwise might have gotten away. This Treasury Department has been very active in attacking tax shelters, and I appreciate the support it’s given to the Finance Committee in our anti-shelter efforts.”
The IRS guidance targets leasing to tax-exempt entities where “substantially all of the tax-indifferent person’s payment obligations are economically defeased and the taxpayer’s risk of loss from a decline, and opportunity for profit from an increase, in the value of the leased property are limited.” While some lease-to-service contract transactions were not defeased and will therefore escape scrutiny, most domestic and cross-border deals completed on the structure will be affected. Leases of qualified technological equipment (QTE) are not exempted from the new reporting requirements.
The notice advises taxpayers that tax advantages previously assumed may not be available, saying: “The Service and the Treasury Department recognize that some taxpayers may have filed tax returns taking the position that they were entitled to the purported tax benefits of the types of transactions described in this notice. These taxpayers should consult with a tax advisor to ensure that their transactions are disclosed properly and to take appropriate corrective action.”
The revenue notice comes as somewhat a surprise, given that ‘sale-in/lease-out’ transactions were made illegal under tax law changes in the American Jobs Creation Act, signed in October 2004. The legislation provided transitional relief for leases signed before March 12, 2004, effectively grandfathering the structure, and leasing industry representatives have seized on this as an indication that previous transactions were valid under legislation at the time. Says one source: “The Treasury and the IRS have taken the view that these transactions were an abuse of the tax code, but if they were already illegal why did Congress need to change the law?”
In a striking inconsistency, deals involving qualified transportation property remain exempt from the Treasury’s action. This allows selected leasing transactions planned by public transit authorities before the 2004 legislation to close under the now obsolete tax regime – as provided for under the Jobs Act. Tax lawyers will question why the Treasury has accepted this grandfathering provision, but rejected another that applied the new tax treatment only to deals closed after March 12 2004.
The chairman of the Senate Finance Committee, Senator Charles Grassley, has praised the Treasury action. Grassley, who failed in his campaign last year to apply the new legislation retroactively, said in a February 11 release: “Today’s action complements our new law going after these deals. It reaches back to the deals that otherwise might have gotten away. This Treasury Department has been very active in attacking tax shelters, and I appreciate the support it’s given to the Finance Committee in our anti-shelter efforts.”
The IRS guidance targets leasing to tax-exempt entities where “substantially all of the tax-indifferent person’s payment obligations are economically defeased and the taxpayer’s risk of loss from a decline, and opportunity for profit from an increase, in the value of the leased property are limited.” While some lease-to-service contract transactions were not defeased and will therefore escape scrutiny, most domestic and cross-border deals completed on the structure will be affected. Leases of qualified technological equipment (QTE) are not exempted from the new reporting requirements.
The notice advises taxpayers that tax advantages previously assumed may not be available, saying: “The Service and the Treasury Department recognize that some taxpayers may have filed tax returns taking the position that they were entitled to the purported tax benefits of the types of transactions described in this notice. These taxpayers should consult with a tax advisor to ensure that their transactions are disclosed properly and to take appropriate corrective action.”
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